The problem of AMR is likely to have become significantly worse with the reportedly massive inappropriate use of antibiotics over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the likely increase in the prevalence of poor-quality antimicrobials resulting from supply chain quality concerns.

Impurities are any components that are not active ingredients or excipients, and that can compromise quality in a drug substance or product. Pharmaceutical impurities can be classified as organic or inorganic and include residual solvents. The presence of impurities results from manufacturing and degradation processes.

Pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing (PCM) technology has gained increased attention from industry and policymakers as one way to help expand domestic manufacturing of essential medicines